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Topic: Trial by ordeal

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	Trial by ordeal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task.
		The exact use of the ordeal varied considerably, a practice was for the accused to walk nine paces with a red-hot iron bar held in both hands.
		A variant on the ordeal by water was the requirement to remove a stone from a pot of boiling water, the injury sustained indicating guilt as in the trial by fire; sometimes the liquid medium used could be oil or molten lead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trial_by_ordeal (602 words)

	trial by ordeal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Ordeal by water was the requirement to remove a stone from a pot of boiling water, the injury sustained indicating guilt as in the trial by fire, sometimes the liquid medium used could be oil or molten lead.
		Trial by bier, where it was believed that the wounds on the body of a murdered corpse would reopen and bleed in the presence of the murderer, was also an ordeal, it was last used in England in 1628.
		The trial by ordeal was something different from the peine forte et dure, which involved pressing an accused person who refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty with heavy weights until he relented or died.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /trial_by_ordeal.html (924 words)

	Trial by ordeal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Ordeal by water was the requirement to remove a stone from a pot of boiling water, the injury sustained indicating guilt as inthe trial by fire, sometimes the liquid medium used could be oil or molten lead.
		Trial by bier, where it was believed that the wounds on the body of a murdered corpse would reopen andbleed in the presence of the murderer, was also an ordeal, it was last used in England in 1628.
		The trial by ordeal was something different from the peineforte et dure, which involved pressing an accused person who refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty with heavyweights until he relented or died.
	www.therfcc.org /trial-by-ordeal-37090.html (843 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ordeals
		Ordeals were a means of obtaining evidence by trials, through which, by the direct interposition of God, the guilt or innocence of an accused person was firmly established, in the event that the truth could not be proved by ordinary means.
		These trials owed their existence to the firm belief that an omniscient and just God would not permit an innocent person to be regarded as guilty and punished in consequence, but that He would intervene, by a miracle if necessary, to proclaim the truth.
		Ordeals were resorted to when the contesting parties were unable to bring forward further evidence, for according to the ancient German law, the production of evidence was not arranged for by the court itself, but was left to the contestants.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11276b.htm (2525 words)

	Trial article - Trial court jury trial Trial ordeal science experiment hypothesis - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In law, a trial is the presentation of information in a formal setting, usually a court, with the object of determining whether or not a person (or entity, such as a corporation) has broken a law.
		In science, a trial is the result of a given run of a given experiment, with the usual object of testing a scientific hypothesis.
		In probability mathematics, a trial is an action that results in one of a number of outcomes or elementary events.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Trial (239 words)

	The Harrow: The RPG Collection
		Trial by ordeal is typically used when evidence does not clearly point to the guilty party.
		First, trial by oath may be a form of trial by ordeal if it is thought that a false oath will cause the Power to strike the offender down.
		In most cases, the ordeal will be more interesting if the PC does not belong to the culture that uses it; that way the PC will need to deal with his or her doubts about the ordeal's efficiency.
	www.theharrow.com /rpg/trialbyordeal.html (1409 words)

	Encyclopedia of Criminology
		Until then, trial by ordeal was conducted to determine guilt or innocence for a crime, or to settle civil disputes between individuals.
		The importance of the right to trial is also illustrated during the process of plea bargaining, which involves both parties considering their options in light of their perceptions of what would occur should the case go to trial.
		Supreme Court rulings affirm the importance of trial by jury as a protection against government oppression of the defendant, or as a buffer between the power of the state embodied in the office of the prosecutor and the rights of the accused.
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/criminology/trial.html (1751 words)

	Trial By Ordeal
		Ordeal was by means of hot iron, cold water, or battle, and was a strict ritual administered by the Church.
		Ordeal by battle was much rarer, but it wasn't reserved for nobles and knights.
		She speculates that ordeal was often used by the Church as a way of providing mercy in harsh times.
	members.shaw.ca /jobev/ordeal.html (1174 words)

	Talk:Trial by ordeal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		There were executions without trial, torture so on so forth but I never heard of trial by ordeal.
		My understanding is that since the traditional ordeals were supervised by the Roman Catholic clergy, and probably got most of their probative value from the practice of auricular confession, that they fell into disuse with the Reformation.
		The ordeal by water paragraph repeats claims ("dunking of witches") that are the subject of an accuracy dispute in trial by drowning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Trial_by_ordeal (634 words)

	ordeal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		By an ordeal, appeal was made to divine authority to decide the guilt or innocence of one accused of a crime or to choose between disputants.
		One form of ordeal, the trial by water, was that used to determine whether or not an accused woman was a witch.
		The trial by battle or by combat (sometimes called a judicial duel or wager of battle) was a recognized procedure in the Middle Ages.
	www.bartleby.com /65/or/ordeal.html (507 words)

	Agoraphilia
		Losing in a trial by ordeal was interpreted as a sign from God that you were in the wrong.
		The demise of dueling, end of trial by ordeal, and emergence of the Geneva Convention might reflect a judgment that parties to disputes are insufficiently responsive the expected costs of conflict.
		Trial by Ordeal still exists, but instead of the trial being the ordeal, the ordeal is in getting to the trial.
	agoraphilia.blogspot.com /2005/01/on-dueling-trial-by-ordeal-and-war.html (1002 words)

	Legal Definition of Ordeal
		ORDEAL - An obsolete common law practice, discouraged by the Church, which submitted the accused, or the accuser, or both, to the Judgement of God, usually with fire or water.
		When in a criminal case the accused was arraigned, be might select the mode of trial either by God and his country, that is, by jury; or by God only, that is by ordeal.
		The trial by ordeal was either by fire or by water.
	www.lectlaw.com /def2/o021.htm (233 words)

	Trial By Ordeal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Trial by media is a serviceable variant of the medieval ordeal
		Trial by ordeal has a long and respectable history.
		In his account of trial by ordeal, the historian Robert Bartlett points to some of its modest virtues.
	www.wikiverse.org /trial-by-ordeal (1054 words)

	Blupete's Weekly Commentary.
		A trial is where two or more people who have adverse interests come together to sort out their contentions with the expectation that out of the contest will arise a winner who will have an effective remedy.
		There was a "trial by battle" or by combat, "single combat." Trial by combat is still used by nations; organized armed forces are send in by the competing sides with the winner taking all.
		Then, there was the trial by ordeal: this was an ancient mode of trial among the Teutonic peoples, a mode which came over to England with the Normans.
	www.blupete.com /Commentary/TrialDec'00.htm (483 words)

	Law FAQS - The Jury in Criminal Cases - British Development
		In trial by ordeal, it sounds like the accused was in a no-win situation.
		In trial by battle, the accuser challenged the accused to a battle.
		Trial by ordeal was a very popular method of determining guilt.
	www.acjnet.org /youthfaq/british.html (1620 words)

	English Coroner System Part 5: Trial by Ordeal
		These were the various "ordeals," a semi-magical method of determining guilt or innocence which goes right back to pre-historic times through many cultures prior to the coming of the Anglo-Saxons.
		For example, guilt could be tested by the ordeal of fire, where the suspect had to carry a bar of red-hot iron in his hands while he walked nine marked paces.
		Ordeal by combat and battle was also witnessed and recorded by the Coroner.
	www.britannia.com /history/articles/coroner5.html (1383 words)

	Opinion: Syosset Jericho Tribune - November 28, 1997
		Trial by Ordeal was thought to reflect God's will in putting an alleged felon to death.
		Trial by combat: An adversarial match is arranged, and if the innocent felon survives, he is obviously innocent.
		In 1220, Trial by Jury replaced the barbaric practice of Trial by Ordeal as the primary means for determining guilt or innocence in prosecutions of felonies.
	www.antonnews.com /syossetjerichotribune/1997/11/28/opinion (783 words)

	TVNZ and Bryan - 2004-074 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		He questioned first what was the “ordeal” to which the programme’s title referred, secondly the use of a “pseudo jury”, and thirdly, the use of archival footage in which Mrs Thomas responded to the jury’s verdict of guilty.
		It considers that the jury system was on trial and the word “ordeal” had not been used to elicit sympathy for the accused.
		The Authority accepts that it was an ordeal for the accused, as it was for all the participants.
	www.bsa.govt.nz /decisions/2004/2004-074.htm (1833 words)

	"Ordalia determined the innocence or guilt of our Rusin ancestors
		In the type where two individuals were involved, the accuser and the accused had to each participate in the trial by ordeal to determine who was guilty.
		During the reign of St. Ladislaus, the Trials by Ordeal were often held in Hungary, with fire and water becoming important factors in the determination of guilt or innocence of the accused.
		The ordeal trials were, to a large degree, without any solid basis for the determination of guilt or innocence.
	www.carpatho-rusyn.org /customs/ordalia.htm (1327 words)

	Trial by ordeal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Common throughout the world in the past, the process survived until The Age of Enlightenment in western Europe and longer elsewhere.
		"The Ordeal by Fire" by Dierec Bouts the Older The ordeal was, in Europe, often by fire or water -- red-hot metal in the first instance and boiling water in the second.
		Although it is plausible that the selection of the size of the morsel was up to the inquisitor, who likewise would have secret knowledge of the behavior of the accused from the confessional.
	trial-by-ordeal.area51.ipupdater.com (871 words)

	Middlesex County Prosecutor-History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Once formal charges were made by the initial grand juries, trial was limited to trial by ordeal under this system, a person was found innocent only if he survived a physical ordeal such as putting a hand into a flame and passing the test by not being burned.
		With such trials, accusation by a grand jury was tantamount to a finding of guilty.
		Once an indictment has been returned on a matter, the case is ready for trial and subsequently will be handled by one of trial teams that staff the criminal courts.
	www.co.middlesex.nj.us /prosecutor/history.asp (777 words)

	Trial by Oath, Combat and Ordeal
		In explaining this point I try to show the fears of the common man. If they lived through the ordeal (putting their arm in boiling oil without it getting infected) they were declared not guilty.
		Some students will see trial by ordeal having similar characteristics with taking a DNA or lie detector test in order to prove innocence.
		Although we do not have trial by combat some students will say that we have an adversarial system which is like "combat".
	www.crfc.org /americanjury/lessons/origins/oath_combat_ordeal.html (828 words)

	Malleus Maleficarum - Part III, Third Head, Question XVII
		For trial by combat is allowable in a criminal case for the protection of life, and in a civil case for the protection of property; then wherefore not the trial by red-hot iron or boiling water?
		And it is not wonderful witches are able to undergo this trial by ordeal unscathed with the help of devils; for we learn from naturalists that if the hands be anointed with the juice of a certain herb they are protected from burning.
		Hence even less that other criminals ought witches to be allowed this trial by ordeal, because their intimate familiarity with the devil; and from the very fact of their appealing to this trial they are to be held as suspected witches.
	www.malleusmaleficarum.org /part_III/mm03_17a.html (1228 words)

	trial by ordeal - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about trial by ordeal
		In the Middle Ages, a test of guilt or innocence; see ordeal, trial by.
		The Mill on the Floss by Eliot, George View in context
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /trial+by+ordeal (88 words)

	"God's" Opinion of Women
		If a jealous husband suspected his wife of adultery, he had the right to make her submit to a trial by ordeal to prove her innocence.
		The ceremony was too elaborate to summarize here, but part of it required her to drink a concoction called the "water of bitterness" that was derived by mixing holy water with dirt swept up from the tabernacle (temple) floor.
		In this event, however, the accusing husband was declared "free from iniquity." This trial by ordeal is described in Numbers 5:11-31 and should be read by all who believe that the Bible has accorded women an elevated status.
	www.infidels.org /library/magazines/tsr/1995/4/4women95.html (1158 words)

	Tabloid News of Wednesday, 6 July 2005
		Agbetsiafa, with 16 years experience in the practice of herbal medicine performed "trial by ordeal" in which the affected victim, Richard Kojo Esuon, 23, a native of Brakwa vomited, foamed at the mouth, defecated and collapsed at the shrine for some hours.
		The sources said the young men who were around the scene convinced the driver to send the suspect, Esuon for a "trial by ordeal" and the driver obliged.
		The sources said, the driver and the mate were tried first but Esuon, the suspect who was the third person to be tried was trapped by two broom hung around his neck.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=85241 (371 words)

	Kamusi - Search Results
		trial by ordeal, pl trials { Swahili: kiapo, pl viapo }
		trial by ordeal (the parties are given bread to eat and the guilty person is supposed to be unable to swallow it), pl trials { Swahili: kimanda, pl vimanda [derived: Swahili manda] }
		trial by ordeal, pl trials { Swahili: kiwanda, pl viwanda }
	research.yale.edu /cgi-bin/swahili/lookup.cgi?Word=trial&EngP=1 (612 words)

	The trial-by-ordeal of James Sanders [Free Republic]
		Thus it is that I must again call your attention to the ongoing ordeal of James and Elizabeth Sanders, convicted of the theft of a swatch of fabric from the wreckage of TWA 800.
		They were prosecuted under an obscure law intended to deter souvenir hunters, and in one of the case's many bizarre twists, the FBI agent in charge of the TWA 800 investigation, James Kallstrom, also broke that same law.
		In the trial of James Sanders, regardless of the verdicts handed down by the jury, it is the government that leaves the courtroom branded a liar.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a378786f339b1.htm (6769 words)

	Chapter Orchil <i>to</i> Ordinance of O by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		In England ordeal by fire and ordeal by water were used, the former confined to persons of rank, the latter to the common people.
		The ordeal by fire was performed, either by handling red-hot iron, or by walking barefoot and blindfold over red-hot plowshares, laid at unequal distances.
		It is probable that the proverbial phrase, to go through fire and water, denoting severe trial or danger, is derived from the ordeal.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1206/23505/2.html (372 words)

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