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	Trofim Lysenko - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lysenko, the son of Denis and Oksana Lysenko, came from a peasant family in Ukraine and attended the Kiev Agricultural Institute.
		Lysenko served this purpose faithfully, causing the expulsion, imprisonment, and death of hundreds of scientists and the demise of genetics (a previously flourishing field) throughout the Soviet Union.
		Lysenko was removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences and restricted to an experimental farm in Moscow's Lenin Hills (the Institute itself was soon dissolved).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trofim_Lysenko (1274 words)

	Lysenkoism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lysenkoism was a campaign against genetics and geneticists which happened in the Soviet Union from the middle of the 1930s to the middle of the 1960s, centered around the figure of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko.
		Lysenko used his position to denounce biologists as "fly-lovers and people haters," and to decry the "wreckers" in biology who he claimed were trying to purposely disable the Soviet economy and cause it to fail.
		Lysenkoism is invoked by biological determinists for the same reason that eugenics and scientific racism are invoked by social constructivists—both were historical events viewed as the extremes to which politics could be used to trump science with disasterous effects, and both imply that the practitioners so-labeled are interested in producing propaganda rather than science.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lysenkoism (1705 words)

	Trofim Lysenko
		Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898-1976) came from a peasant family in the Ukraine.
		He was a prominent figure in the Soviet Union because of his controversial, unscientific, approach to biological science, beginning with agriculture and leading to a more general theory of heredity that rejected the existence of genes.
		Stalin declared genetics and cybernetics to be Anti-Soviet and ideologically unfit; Lysenko was put in charge of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Soviet Union and made responsible for ending the propagation of these harmful ideas among Soviet scientists.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Trofim_Lysenko.html (364 words)

	Lysenko and Lysenkoism
		Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was a young agronomist from the Ukraine, who first came into the limelight in 1927 in connection with an experiment in the winter planting of peas to precede the cotton crop in the Transcaucasus.
		Lysenko subsequently became famous for the discovery of "vernalisation," an agricultural technique that allowed winter crops to be obtained from summer planting by soaking and chilling the germinated seed for a determinate period of time.
		Lysenko's theory developed in a pragmatic and intuitive way as a rationalisation of agronomic practice and a reflection of the ideological environment surrounding it and not as a response to a problem formulated within the scientific community and pursued according to rigourous scientific methods.
	www.comms.dcu.ie /sheehanh/lysenko.htm (5317 words)

	LYSENKO, TROFIM DENISOVICH. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He became the leader of the Soviet school of genetics that opposed the theories of heredity accepted by most geneticists and supported the doctrine that characteristics acquired through environmental influences are inherited (see acquired characteristics).
		Lysenko rejected neo-Mendelism and was a disciple of the Russian horticulturist I. Michurin.
		Lysenko’s theories were offered as Marxist orthodoxy and won the official support (1948) of the Soviet Central Committee.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ly/Lysenko.html (255 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Higher \| Lysenkoism
		Lysenko used a technique allowing winter crop seeds that had been chilled and soaked to be planted and grown in summer.
		Such was Lysenko's status that those scientists who disagreed renounced the error of their ways or faced the consequences.
		By 1965 Lysenko had lost his directorship at the institute and was discredited, but he remained an agricultural adviser to Khrushchev.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/sciences/story/0,12243,1039448,00.html (333 words)

	TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers - Unsung Heroes, p. 2
		Lysenko was a peasant-born agronomist and Marxist ideologue who rejected Mendel's ideas because they contradicted the doctrine of dialectical materialism.
		Lysenko believed all living organisms passed on to succeeding generations characteristics acquired in their lifetime.
		This untested theory was at odds with what Lysenko scathingly called "alien bourgeois" genetics, but Soviet scientists who dared disagree risked being sent to the gulag.
	www.time.com /time/time100/scientist/other/unsung3.html (318 words)

	Lysenko and the creationists
		Trofim Lysenko was an agronomist who devised a method to improve the yield of winter wheat, an important achievement in a country suffering from famine due in large part to criminally incompetent mismanagement by Communist central planners.
		Lysenko led a series of attacks on genetics, beginning in the mid thirties and culminating with the purge of of the father of Soviet genetics, Nikolai Vavilov in 1940 (initially sentenced to death, he died in 1943 while in solitary confinement).
		Lysenko then assumed complete control over Soviet agronomical "science", all modern genetics starting with Mendel's laws were banned (some of Vavilov's vital work on biodiversity survived, but is endangered today), and the most outlandish theories (like spontaneous generation of germs) promulgated.
	www.majid.info /mylos/weblog/2003/04/10-1.html (316 words)

	Catallarchy » Trofim Lysenko: Ideology, Power, and the Destruction of Science
		Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1889-1976) was a Ukrainian born agronomist, a peasant with little education who would likely have toiled in obscurity all his life had he been born in a different place or time.
		Lysenko’s doctrines were an unholy merger of Lamarckism with Stalinism: the infinite malleability of man was mirrored by the infinite malleability of plants.
		Lysenko’s infamous speech also included his description of hybrids proving the validity of his theories, including a graft between a potato and a tomato which gave rise to fruit which was oblong and whitish yellow.
	catallarchy.net /blog/archives/2006/05/01/trofim-lysenko-ideology-power-and-the-destruction-of-science (2410 words)

	Trofim Lysenko - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1889-1976) was a Ukrainian born agronomist whose variant of Michurinism and theory of "vernalisation", "Lysenkoism", become the genetic orthodoxy in Stalinist Soviet Union.
		Lysenkoism posited extremely rapid and even next generation adaptive changes in species to new enviromental conditions and as such was fundamentally at odds with Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution.
		Lysenko was educated at the Kiev Agricultural Institute.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Trofim_Lysenko (162 words)

	Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, Lysenko was a sloppy researcher whose experimental techniques included unsystematic data collection, almost no control groups, irregular weather conditions, hastiness in drawing conclusions, readiness to discount contradictory evidence on the grounds of peasant recalcitrance, impure plant varieties, and small samples.
		Lysenko's chief opponent on genetic matters, brilliant and internationally recognized scientist Nikolai Vavilov, was sent to the gulag and died in the early 1940s, thus clearing the way for Lysenkoism to spread.
		Whatsmore, Lysenko's detrimental influence on Soviet biology was not contained to his lifespan; because of the fleecing of the scientific community, further generations have lacked strong mentors under whom to hone their skills as researchers and develop their scientific ideas.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/russia/stalin/lysenkoism.htm (478 words)

	Nikolai Bezroukov's Short Introduction to Lysenkoism
		Lysenko was born at Karlovka in the Poltava province of the Ukraine in 1898, the song of a peasant.
		Lysenko extended the knowledge of this phenomenon and built up from it both an elaborate hypothesis on development in plants, which came to be known as the theory of phasic development, and an agricultural method which enabled winter varieties of cereals and other plants to be treated with low temperatures and sown as spring crops.
		Lysenko was awarded the Order of Lenin and two Stalin prizes, and was nominated Vice Chairman of the Supreme Soviet; in 1938 he was appointed President of the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Science and in 1940 assumed the Directorship of the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
	www.softpanorama.org /Skeptics/lysenkoism.shtml (9492 words)

	The Perversion of Science and Medicine (Part II): Soviet Science and Gun Control
		Lysenko vehemently rejected what he called capitalist "bourgeois" science and repudiated the fundamental laws of genetics that had been proposed by the celebrated Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), which had been accepted and used by the West in the theoretic as well as applied biologic sciences.
		Lysenko proscribed "bourgeois genetics" and during the immediate post World War II period, assisted by plant breeder I.V. Michurin, began a series of preposterous plant-crossbreeding experiments based on the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, a theory first promulgated in 1801 by the French biologist and naturalist, Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829).
		Lysenko, Michurin, and his willing and collaborating colleagues were finally dethroned and consigned to the dustbin of bogus scientific socialist theories --- but not before their perversion, collaboration, and exposition of Marxist biology as deliberate quackery employed as a tool of the Soviet state, had been shown to the world.
	www.haciendapub.com /article7.html (3027 words)

	Lysenkoism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lysenko rose to dominance at a 1948 conference in Russia where he delivered a passionate address denouncing Mendelian thought as "reactionary and decadent" and declared such thinkers to be "enemies of the Soviet people" (Gardner 1957).
		Lysenko's methods were not condemned by the Soviet scientific community until 1965, more than a decade after Stalin's death.
		Lysenko was opposed to the use of statistics, but had he been clever enough to see how useful statistics can be in the service of ideology, he might have changed his mind.
	skepdic.com /lysenko.html (1094 words)

	Today in Technology History - Nov 20
		Lysenko (pronounced lih-SYEN-ko) was born in 1898, the child of Russian peasant farmers.
		Contrary to the teachings of genetics, Lysenko believed that he could grow entirely new strains of wheat by adjusting the environment in which the wheat grew.
		Lysenko's crackpot ideas were promptly rejected by mainstream Russian scientists, but he cleverly couched his arguments in terms that fit the prevailing Soviet philosophy -- thus ingratiating himself with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/nov20.htm (278 words)

	BookRags: Lysenkoism Summary
		Lysenkoism is a term used by geneticists and historians to describe the pseudoscientific practices of Russian horticulturist Trofim Denisovich Lysenko [1898-1976] in the totalitarian Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the first half of the 20
		Lysenko's conclusions were based upon the teachings of Russian horticulturist I. Michurin (1855-1935), who was a proponent of the widely discredited Larmarckian theory that organisms evolved through the acquisition of traits that best adapted them to their environments (evolution by acquired characteristics).
		For example, Lysenko's idea that all organisms were not genetically constrained (i.e., given the proper conditions, they have the capacity to be or do anything) had alluring parallels with the social philosophies of Karl Marx that promoted the idea that man was largely a product of his own will.
	www.bookrags.com /research/lysenkoism-wog (1137 words)

	Daniel Orlovsky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It signified the ultimate triumph of Lysenko and Lysenkoism, and the coming to complete domination in the area of Soviet biology of his own ideas which were rather strange as we'll see.
		And Lysenko was able to solidify his position and have banned, actually banned, Western genetics or genetics period, from Soviet science.
		Lysenko said, well I will produce them in a kind of cluster fashion, we will prepare the seedlings properly, and we'll do it according to my philosophies accepted in Soviet science, and it turned into a great fiasco, and a great disaster.
	www.physics.smu.edu /~pseudo/class30.htm (3900 words)

	Remember Lysenko
		During the 1950s, Lysenkoís ideas governed agricultural research policy to such a degree that almost all genetic research was stopped in the Soviet Union and the countryís agriculture suffered enormous damage.
		In much the same way that Lysenko rose to power by challenging the legitimacy of an emerging scientific field, Lomborg has achieved a good deal of his power by challenging the legitimacy of environmental science, which like genetics in the 1940s, is still in the process of early development.
		In much the same way that Lysenko sought to base agricultural policy on unproven and highly unscientific experimental techniques, Lomborg and his supporters in the Danish government are basing environmental policy on unproven assertions and unscientific methods of argumentation.
	www.easst.net /review/dec2003/jamison (1043 words)

	Requiem for a Charlatan - Access to Energy Newsletter Archive
		No tears were shed and little attention was paid when Moscow last week quietly revealed the death of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko, the most notorious charlatan of the20th century, who subverted science and debased it to a tool of a political ideology.
		Radio Moscow blared forth songs attacking the decadent "Morganists-Weissmanists;" Lysenko was showered with medals, offices, awards and honors; the work of Michurin, a Russian fruitgrower and forerunner of Lysenko's genetic witchcraft, was relentlessly extolled.
		Lysenko is dead, but Lysenkoism the subordination of science to ideology lingers on; nurtured by "scientists" who do not seek truth, but only one-sided scraps of evidence to prop up their preconceived superstitions.
	www.accesstoenergy.com /view/atearchive/s76a3986.htm (331 words)

	Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		LYSENKO, TROFIM DENISOVICH [Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich], 1898-1976, Russian agronomist.
		As president of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences he became the scientific and administrative leader of Soviet agriculture.
		1969); D. Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (1970); V. Soyfer, Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science (1994).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Lysenko.asp (395 words)

	TIME.com: Final Defeat for Comrade Lysenko -- Feb. 12, 1965 -- Page 1
		The announcement from Moscow was blunt: Trofim Denisovich Lysenko had been relieved as director of the Institute of Genetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
		Across the world, Lysenko's fellow scientists scoffed at his theories; heredity, they believe, is controlled by genes in the reproductive cells and remains unchanged throughout an individual's life.
		Lysenko's departure last week was marked by a speech by Mathematician Mstislav V. Keldysh, president of the august Academy of Sciences.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,840544,00.html (693 words)

	Trofim Denisovich Lysenko
		[Lysenko] was personally responsible for the exile, torture, and death of many talented scientists, and for an environment of oppression and backwardness in Soviet science.
		Lysenko did not go out of his way looking for opponents to destroy.
		An up-to-date account of the Lysenko movement's effect on Soviet science in general and genetics in particular; includes Russian sources not available to Joravsky in 1970.
	www.cyberussr.com /rus/lysenko.html (661 words)

	Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lysenko was born in Karlovka in the Russian Ukraine, and educated at the Uman School of Horticulture and the Kiev Agricultural Institute.
		From 1929 to 1938 he held senior positions at the Ukrainian All-Union Institute of Selection and Genetics in Odessa, becoming director of the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1940.
		By advocating vernalization (a method of making seeds germinate quickly in the spring), Lysenko achieved considerable increases in crop yields, and this was the basis of his political support.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/L/Lysenko/1.html (220 words)

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