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Topic: Usman dan Fodio

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	Usman dan Fodio - Japan
		Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa city-states in what is today northern Nigeria.
		Dan Fodio was well-educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy and theology and became a revered religious thinker.
		Dan Fodio used his influence to secure approval to create a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, dan Fodio hoped, be a model town.
	usman-dan-fodio.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Usman_dan_Fodio (747 words)

	Usman dan Fodio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa city-states in what is today northern Nigeria.
		Dan Fodio was well-educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy and theology and became a revered religious thinker.
		Dan Fodio used his influence to secure approval to create a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, dan Fodio hoped, be a model town.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio (439 words)

	Modibo Adama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Word had arrived that Usman dan Fodio had declared a militant jihad on the Hausa leaders.
		Usman had now turned his attention to Bornu and to the vast southlands of Fumbina (modern-day Northern Cameroon).
		He did this with Usman's advice; he was to foster understanding between his people and their governors, facilitate communication between elders and their subordinates, and prevent the stratification of society based on class or wealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modibo_Adama (2033 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nigeria - Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate \| Nigerian Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Nigeria - Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
		The new state that arose during Usman dan Fodio's jihad came to be known as the Sokoto Caliphate, named after his capital at Sokoto, founded in 1809.
		Usman dan Fodio's jihad created the largest empire in Africa since the fall of Songhai in 1591.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria21.html (964 words)

	Key Episodes in Nigerian History
		The rise of the Sokoto Caliphate and the economic and political adjustment in the south strongly shaped the course of the colonial conquest at the end of the nineteenth century.
		Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanised ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa city-states in what is today northern Nigeria.
		In exchange, dan Fodio blessed the monarchy and educated Bawa’s nephew and heir Yunfa.
	www.nigeriafirst.org /article_3847.shtml (535 words)

	Nigeria - Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
		Nigeria - Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
		Many of his supporters were Fulani, and because of his ethnicity he was able to appeal to all Fulani, particularly the clan leaders and wealthy cattle owners whose clients and dependents provided most of the troops in the jihad that began in Gobir in 1804.
		In addition, Usman dan Fodio's jihad provided the inspiration for a series of related holy wars in other parts of the savanna and Sahel far beyond Nigeria's borders that led to the foundation of Islamic states in Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, and Sudan.
	countrystudies.us /nigeria/9.htm (831 words)

	The Sokoto Caliphate and its legacies
		Between 1804 and 1808, Usman Dan Fodio defeated most of the rulers of the Hausa states and established a new capital in Sokoto in (1809).
		With Usman’s death (1817), he was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Bello (d.1837) his brother, Abdullahi Dan Fodio, was given authority over the weatern territories, based in Gwandu.
		Usman Dan Fodio is famous for interpreting the law to take account of local circumstances, rather than a "one size fits all" hard line approach.
	www.dawodu.com /paden1.htm (2982 words)

	Personalities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Usman Dan Fodio was a Fulani from Degel in Gobir.
		Usman, who was more a scholar than a statesman, ceded the practical direction of the eastern part of the empire to his son Muhammad Bello, who settled in Sokoto, and the western (with its capital at Gwandu) to his brother Abdullahi.
		Nana Asma'u was the daughter of Shaykh Usman dan Fodio, leader of a jihad to reform and purify Islam in the Sokoto region of what is today northern Nigeria.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=220 (960 words)

	Shaihu 'Manu! Jinzaman, Jamia Hafsa and Insurrections \| ProgressiveIslam.Org
		"...dan Fodio was proclaimed Amir al-Muminin or Leader of the Faithful.
		This, in effect made him political as well as religious leader, giving him the authority to declare and pursue a Jihad, raising an army and becoming its commander.
		Translation: Shehu Usman, like The Prophet before him, did not raise the banner of revolt (literally, in The Shehu's case) or any arms until there was a community behind him that basically elected him political leader and gave him executive powers.
	progressiveislam.org /shaihu_manu_jinzaman_jamia_hafsa_and_insurrections (496 words)

	Dr Usman Muhamad Bugaje: The Impact of usman Dan fodio's Jihad beyond the Sokoto Caliphate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Shaykh Abdullahi, the younger Brother of Usman Dan Fodio, and the conscience of the Sokoto Jihad, may not have meant it, but the verses he composed above, succinctly summarise their endeavour from start to finish.
		It was the good fortune of Hausaland and ultimately of the people Bilad al-Sudan (the land of the Blacks) that Allah raised among their ranks a scholar who was not prepared to accept the decadent status-quo with the usual fatalism, as the will of God, but saw it as his primary responsibility to change it.
		To be sure, Shehu Usman did not, and could not have, set out early in his life to organise a jihad and to establish an Islamic state and society.
	www.webstar.co.uk /~ubugaje/beyond.html (1675 words)

	Usman dan Fodio - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Usman dan Fodio - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Usman dan Fodio contains research on
		Usman dan Fodio, See also, 1754 births, 1817 deaths, Sultans of Sokoto and Sufis.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Usman_dan_Fodio (461 words)

	Nigeriaworld Letters & Viewpoints (The trouble with the Fulanis)
		Usman dan Fodio established his capital at Sokoto and the new state became known as the Sokoto Caliphate.
		About 200 years ago, when Usman dan Fodio and his group were about to overthrow Hausa land and their Kings, they studied the Hausa society and struck when the Hausa States were in disarray.
		What makes one arrogant, dan Fodio wrote is when, “he exerts his own value in relationship to someone else, he despises the one below him and put himself above others’ company and confidence.” To this kind of people, dan Fodio warned; “You own neither your heart nor yourself.
	nigeriaworld.com /columnist/okonkwo/trouble_with_fulanis.html (2135 words)

	Kano-Katsina
		In 1804 a Fulani scholar, Usman dan Fodio, declared a jihad (holy war) against the Hausa states, whose rulers he upbraided for allowing Islamic practices to deteriorate.
		Armed Fulani evangelists and warriors on horseback, with the blessing of Usman dan Fodio and, fired by religious and political fervour, overthrew the Hausa and conquered areas beyond Hausaland, including Adamawa to the east and Nupe and Ilorin to the south.
		Early in the nineteenth century, the Habe states were conquered by the Fulbe (Fulani, Peul), waging a jihad or Muslim holy war under the leadership of Uthman dan Fodio.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=4&linksPage=290 (1243 words)

	Fulani Holy War 1804-1810
		It became a permanent capital of the Fulani empire in 1809, when Usman divided the empire into two sectors and made his son Muhammad Bello overlord of the eastern emirates.
		This was especially true in the 18th and 19th centuries in Muslim Africa south of Sahara, where religiopolitical conquests were seen as jihads, most notably the jihad of Usman dan Fodio, which established the Sokoto caliphate (1804) in what is now northern Nigeria.
		Usman, who seems to have wished to avoid a final breach, nevertheless agreed that Degel was threatened.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/uniform/usman1804.htm (625 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sokoto
		In 1804, USMAN DAN FODIO, a devout Muslim, called on his followers to fight a holy war against pagans and unjust rulers - those who permitted non-Muslim religion or did not adhere to pure Islam.
		In 1811, Usman dan Fodio's Empire was split in 3 parts, MUHAMMAD BELLO inheriting the eastern emirates.
		As Usman dan Fodio was buried here in 1817, the city became the cultural center of the Fulani.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/sokoto.html (368 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Africa / Islamic Jihad Yields to Nigerian Politics
		Thousands flocked to the northern town of Sokoto to remember the 19th century Islamic scholar Usman dan Fodio, whose empire conquered swaths of West Africa and ruled northern Nigeria for 100 years.
		Dan Fodio's bloody religious campaigns which pushed from the dry Sahel to the rainforested southern coastal regions of Nigeria, still reverberate across the huge West African country two centuries later.
		In a famous case of meddling, the late military dictator Sani Abacha replaced the Sultan in 1996 over a disagreement related to an inheritance and replaced him with another of dan Fodio's descendants.
	www.boston.com /news/world/africa/articles/2004/07/04/islamic_jihad_yields_to_nigerian_politics (836 words)

	The Sokoto Caliphate and Nation-Building
		The particular attempt at reform led by the Shehu Usman Dan Fodio, which established the Sokoto Caliphate, was only one, among several others, which sought to reform Islam in the Central Sudan in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
		The were also reform movements led by scholars, namely the Shehu Abdurahman Chacha in the Nupe Kingdom, and by one of Shehu Dan Fodio’s teachers, Shehu Jibril ibn Umar, in the Adar.
		Dan Fodio, which we have not yet got historical evidence of.
	www.dawodu.com /usman2.htm (3318 words)

	Salaam Knowledge
		A Fulani born in the Hausa state of Gobir, Usman dan Fodio studied the Koran with his father, an eminent scholar, then moved from place to place to study with other religious scholars.
		Usman criticized the Hausa ruling elite for their heavy taxation and other practices that he claimed violated Islamic law.
		Following the example of the prophet Muhammad, Usman went on a hijrah (spiritual migration), was elected imam (leader) of the reformist Muslims, and launched the jihad (holy war) that would bring down the Hausa royalty.
	www.salaam.co.uk /knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1807 (331 words)

	BookRags: Uthman don Fodio Biography
		Uthman don Fodio whose complete name was Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Fudi, was commonly known simply as Shehu, the Hausa word for sheikh.
		He was born in the Hausa state of Gobir, the son of a pious Fulani member of the Qadiriyya Moslem brotherhood.
		The importance of Uthman don Fodio in 19th- and 20th-century West Africa cannot be restricted to Hausaland, for the resurgence and reform of Islam which he had accomplished spread throughout West Africa.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/uthman-don-fodio (692 words)

	NIGERIA BETWEEN LORD LUGARD AND THE DIGITAL DIVIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Usman Dan Fodio and his family are just being discovered in the West now.
		Some of Usman Dan Fodio's views on the rights of women were ahead of his time.
		Usman Dan Fodio may be alarmed by this extremity.
	nigerdeltacongress.com /narticles/nigeria_between_lord_lugard_and_.htm (3774 words)

	African Islamism, From Below
		In the area that became northern Nigeria and Niger, the jihad was led by a sheikh of the nomadic Fulani tribe, Usman dan Fodio.
		In the first decade of the nineteenth century, dan Fodio established a veritable Islamic empire over what had been a loosely amalgamated set of Hausa kingdoms and fiefdoms.
		One century after dan Fodio conquered the Hausa in the name of Islam, Lord Frederick Lugard conquered the Fulani in the name of Pax Britannica.
	www.worldandi.com /newhome/public/2003/december/mtpub1.asp (2995 words)

	Amana Online
		Late Sheikh Usman Danfodio who was a great Scholar, Administrator, Preacher, and a Military Leader wrote so many books meant to guide the people under his Administration which are also relevant for our own time and use even today.
		This unfortunate degree of illusion noted Usman Dan Fodio creates in a person a sense of glory leading to self-conceit and arrogance forgetting the whole purpose of his life and what he was at the beginning, as “the lowest of the low and weakest of the weak”.
		Mujaddadi Usman Dan Fodio May Allah Bless Him and Enlighten His Grave with Nur explained how even a person's Ruh (soul) may be taken away.
	www.amanaonline.com /Articles/art_767.htm (753 words)

	Nigerian Sokoto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		1804 Usman was appalled at the religious and social practices he observed around him, so he began preaching against these disturbing practices.
		The glory days for Sokoto Fulbe were the days of Shehu Usman dan Fodio, but we still have Fulbe of influence today.
		Since Usman dan Fodio brought about so many social changes and had such a fervor for Islam, some people said that he must be the Mahdi, the Messiah.
	www.wagateway.org /NigerianSokoto.htm (970 words)

	THISDAYonline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Atiku told the delegation that the planned national workshop and launching of a book on the life and legacy of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio, slated to mark the bicentenary celebrations of the great scholar and leader would shed more light on his activities.
		This is because historians had distorted the ideals and teachings of the great scholar Uthman Dan Fodio and there is the need to change against this erroneous belief.
		The leader of the delegation Sheikh Ahmed Lemu, said that there was a need for the peaceful coexistence of Nigerians adding that Usman Dan Fodio did not preach violence or the wanton killing of innocent people.
	www.thisdayonline.com /archive/2004/05/14/20040514news24.html (307 words)

	The Washington Times - Nigeria
		Prominent among these radical mallams was Usman dan Fodio, who attracted a following among the Islamic leaders.
		Many of his supporters were Fulani, particularly the clan leaders and wealthy cattle owners whose clients and dependents provided most of the troops in the jihad (holy war) that began in 1804.
		Usman dan Fodio's movement created one of the largest empires in Africa and provided the inspiration for a series of far flung holy wars leading to the foundation of Muslim states in Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, the Central African Republic, and Sudan.
	www.internationalspecialreports.com /africa/99/nigeria/57.html (2600 words)

	Voice in the Desert: Usman dan Fodio
		(8+) I opted for Usman dan Fodio, which I had read somewhere (actually I have already used the name in short stories) - I thought it had the right ring to it.
		Yesterday, I showed the manuscript to a couple in Burkina who are experts on the Tuareg.
		They pointed out that Usman dan Fodio was in fact an eighteenth century Fulani mystic and reformer - leader of the jihad in Hausaland.
	www.voiceinthedesert.org.uk /weblog/archives/2004/09/usman_dan_fodio.html (148 words)

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