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Topic: Vowel

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List of vowels

Close front unrounded vowel

Open front unrounded vowel

Vowel height

Close vowel

Open vowel

Central vowel

Front vowel

Table of vowels

Schwa

Vowel length

Rounded vowel

Nasal vowel

	Turkish Vowel Harmony
		In Turkish, suffixes are formed according to Turkish vowel harmony, rules whereby most vowel sounds in a word are made either in the front of the mouth or the back, but not both.
		So if the vowels in the root are formed in the back of the mouth (a, undotted 'i', o, u), as in banka (bank), you add -lar to make bankalar (banks).
		If the vowels are made in the front of the mouth (e, i, ö, ü;), you add -ler to tren to make trenler (trains).
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /details/LanguageGuide/VowelHarmony.html (233 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Great Vowel Shift
		The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language, generally accomplished in the fifteenth century, although evidence suggests it began as early as the fourteenth century.
		The values of the long vowels form the main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English, and the Great Vowel Shift is one of the historical events marking the separation of Middle and Modern English.
		In phonetics, vowel height refers to the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth in a vowel sound.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Great-Vowel-Shift (2279 words)

	Vowel
		A vowel is a sound in spoken language (or a letter of the alphabet denoting such a sound) that has a sounding voice (vocal sound) of its own.
		Long vowels are usually written in the IPA with a colon: For some reason, in the Germanic languages, long vowels tend to be very unstable.
		English vowels are de-voiced in whispered speech, and in Japanese, vowels that are low pitched and between voiceless consonants are de-voiced.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/vo/Vowel.html (902 words)

	Vowel Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vowels were assumed to be spaced at auditorily equal intervals of tongue position.
		Vowels are dispersed in the phonetic space (tongue position, rounding) in such a way as to maximize auditory differences among the vowels.
		When phoneticians listen to a audio recording of a vowel in an unknown language that is not found on the primary cardinal vowel "slice", they may not be able to tell whether the the vowel is a front rounded or a back unrounded vowel--they cannot separate position in the space from rounding.
	www.ling.yale.edu:16080 /ling120/Vowels/Vowel_Theories.html (743 words)

	Vowel
		The quality of the vowel sound is determined by the size and shape of the oral and nasal cavities, the former of which is largely determined by the position of the tongue and lips.
		Vowels are characterized by at least two formant regions, and are notated in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) by letters in square brackets, e.g.
		Diphthongs are vowels with shifting formant regions produced by a change in the shape of the vocal tract, in contrast to the pure vowels which are produced with a fixed vocal tract shape and tongue position.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Vowel.html (229 words)

	Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In high vowels, such as [i] and [u], the tongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as [a], the tongue is positioned low in the mouth.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants (like Sedang, a relative of Vietnamese, which contrasts 55 different vowel qualities).
	www.abcworld.net /Vowel.html (2870 words)

	French Pronunciation Workshop :: Nasal Vowels [Section Introduction]
		These vowels are produced when you lower your velum (the soft palate) and allow air to resonate in the nasal cavity.
		Vowels that appear before a nasal consonant in French are NOT nasalized, and that's exactly where we find nasal vowels in English.
		If the word is spelled with a vowel followed by a nasal consonant (the letters n, m, or gn) and then another non-nasal consonant or the end of the word, you've got a nasal vowel.
	www.asu.edu /courses/fpw/section_NasalVowels/index.html (387 words)

	Vowel at AllExperts
		The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
	en.allexperts.com /e/v/vo/vowel.htm (3593 words)

	Vowel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowel (3470 words)

	Vowel harmony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Non-initially, the neutral vowels are transparent to and unaffected by vowel harmony.
		Vowel harmony is present in all Yokutsan languages and dialects.
		Linguists theorize that the transformation of "e" to "a" is due to a vestigial system of vowel harmony (the voicing of "h" as "b" is due to rendaku).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowel_harmony (2225 words)

	Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure above the glottis.
		A vowel is also understood to be syllabic: an equivalent open but non-syllabic sound is called a semivowel.
		In all languages, vowels form the nucleus or peak of syllables, whereas consonants form the onset and (in languages which have them) coda.
	www.buzznet.com /tags/vowel (174 words)

	Vowel Workbooks - Auditory Learning Clinic
		The traditional vowel coding system was modified herein with full awareness that the short sounds are represented without a marking in current dictionaries; but...
		The pupil must be able to (1) recognize the difference between consonant and vowel letters (2) count to five (3) articulate consonant sounds in isolation when presented visual symbols and (4) copy letters and/or words in a legible manner either by manuscript or in cursive writing.
		A single vowel sound is the basic unit of a word.
	www.toledo-bend.net /learning/vowelbooks.asp (601 words)

	Harmonic Content of Vowel Sounds
		The illustration of the harmonic content of three vowels is just a single example and may not be typical - it just serves to illustrate that there are measurable differences in harmonic content.
		These spectra are influenced by the cavity resonances of the oral and nasal cavities which are determined by the articulation process which forms the vowel.
		These spectra are influenced by the cavity resonances of the oral and nasal cavities which are determined by the articulation process which forms the vowels.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/vowel.html (309 words)

	Vowel - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
		Vowels are those elitist, stuck up letters of the alphabet that insist on being in every word, hogging all the attention.
		You have to be careful around vowels, since they tend to roam around in malicious vowel groups.
		It was once a proper vowel but after the incident involving the letter G, a bowl of noodles and a tub of lard (which we don't talk about) it was demoted to "SEMI-VOWEL" status.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Vowels (434 words)

	Department of Phonetics - Vowel Charts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Data from Deterding 1997, where the vowels were obtained from a digital speech database consisting of the speech of five male speakers; approximately 10 occurrences per vowel type.
		Vowel length is not shown in the figure.
		The long close vowel series /i:, y:, u:/ and the short one /i, y, u/ do not qualitatively differ from each other except for the slight centralization of the short vowels.
	helsinki.fi /hum/hyfl/projektit/vokaalikartat_eng.html#german_vowels (452 words)

	Turkish grammar: Minor vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar.
		We saw that the 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are divided into two groups as hard and soft vowels.
		A vowel's being round or flat is actually determined from the shape of the mouth when pronouncing that vowel, but it can also be seen in the shape of the capital characters.
	www.turkishclass.com /grammar_vowelHarmony2.htm (492 words)

	Department of Phonetics - Vowel Charts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Data from Deterding 1997, where the vowels were obtained from a digital speech database consisting of the speech of five male speakers; approximately 10 occurrences per vowel type.
		Vowel length is not shown in the figure.
		The long close vowel series /i:, y:, u:/ and the short one /i, y, u/ do not qualitatively differ from each other except for the slight centralization of the short vowels.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/hyfl/projektit/vokaalikartat_eng.html (452 words)

	Vowel Sounds
		For example, the distinguishability of the vowel sounds can be attributed to the differences in their first three formant frequencies.
		The recognizable quality of the sound of different vowel sounds is attributed to the existence of formant regions: frequency ranges where the sound is enhanced by the cavity resonances of the human vocal mechanism.
		The formants are quite similar for the same vowel at different frequencies, enabling it to be recognized regardless of the pitch.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/music/vowel.html (523 words)

	Vowel duration
		Although the acquisition of contrastive vowel quantity has not received much empirical attention, it appears to be quite challenging unless their native language employs an analogous property.
		The Grabe metric is based on the insight that stressed and unstressed vowels in languages employing stress rhythm vary widely in duration, whereas the durations of vowels in syllable rhythm languages vary less.
		It is calculated from the absolute value of differences in vowel duration between successive syllables divided by the average duration of the pair.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~bond/ICPhS.html (1690 words)

	MAS Model of vowel perception
		The MAS model of vowel perception is based on the identification of a vowel from the visual display of a raw complex waveform.
		A vowel can be categorized into one of six main categories by virtue of the interactions between the F1 formants and F0 values of each vowel, with the categories established by the number of F1 cycles per pitch period.
		It is convenient for the MAS model that the one vowel that has a unique lip articulatory style when compared to the other vowels of the vowel space, results in formant values that lie between the formant values of neighboring categories.
	home.indy.net /~masmodel/masmodel.htm (2459 words)

	Language Miniatures 133: Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It appears that the suffix is not reproducing the exact same vowel of the root syllable after all.
		Turkish vowel harmony presents many other complexities which we can’t go into here, but this much ought to be enough to illustrate that it is indeed a very striking feature of the ways words are formed in this language.
		The height of suffix vowels does not change to harmonize with the root vowel, which is why the low vowels in ev at göz dost do not cause the high vowels in -imiz (etc.) to change height.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/vowelharm.htm (775 words)

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